IVF laws by country

Law 8876 regulates assisted reproduction and artificial insemination, including donor sperm, written consent and licensed services. Confirm the current single-woman and female-couple pathway under the amended law before arranging treatment.

The reproductive-health law has separate provisions for artificial insemination and IVF, including consent for use of donated reproductive material. Confirm the permitted egg-donation programme and donor-identity terms with the licensed service; donor-sperm permission alone does not establish them.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

The current law’s article 12 covers married couples with mutual consent and an unmarried woman or man. This does not establish couple status or joint parentage for a same-sex couple. Article 12 also imposes distinct foreign-national and genetic-relationship restrictions on surrogacy.

Articles 13–14 regulate egg and sperm donation, including known donors and notarised contracts. Donor age and medical-genetic screening are specified. Known donation is not equivalent to an unrestricted anonymous-donor programme; confirm the selected arrangement.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Treatment requires a qualifying partnership. Female couples are eligible; single women are excluded.

Egg donation is allowed when the recipient’s own eggs are not reproductively usable and she is under 45 at treatment start. Donor-conceived children can obtain donor details from age 14.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: The donor-egg threshold is not a universal own-egg IVF age ceiling; other treatment requires clinical assessment.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Health Protection Law article 29 gives every adult woman a right to artificial insemination and embryo implantation and expressly refers to the consent of a single woman. This provision does not establish joint parentage or couple-treatment status for two women.

Article 29 protects artificial insemination, embryo implantation and donor identity as medical confidentiality. It gives patients access to specified donor medical and physical information. It does not establish every permitted donor-egg method or a child’s future identity-access rule.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Law 341-Z provides the national ART framework. The current patient group must be checked against subsequent amendments and implementing rules; this guide does not treat the Atlas’s 2024 single-woman or couple classifications as a current eligibility decision.

Reproductive-cell donation is governed by the ART framework and implementing rules. Obtain the current egg and sperm donor-selection, consent and identity-disclosure terms; an old policy classification is not proof of a current anonymous or known-donor pathway.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Single women and female couples can apply for treatment. Centres assess medical and psychosocial suitability.

Anonymous and known donation pathways exist. A February 2026 government announcement concerns a draft to end anonymous donation; it should not be treated as an enacted identity-release rule.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: Belgian law distinguishes the request or retrieval threshold from the later transfer or insemination threshold. Centres can set stricter limits.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Federation law article 28 describes adult women and men who are married or cohabiting. Single-woman and same-sex-couple access must be assessed in the actual entity, rather than inferred from a nationwide label. Republika Srpska has a separate ART law.

Federation law article 24 provides for IVF with the couple’s own gametes. A definition of heterologous treatment alone is not proof that a donor programme is available. Confirm egg and sperm donation, identity rules and current availability in the treating entity.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: Federation law sets suitability for parenting and contains a funded-care age threshold with medically justified exceptions. Republika Srpska uses its own law and programme; do not apply one entity’s age or funding conditions nationwide.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Donor-sperm treatment is offered to single women. Female-couple access is not established by the cited current sources; the Atlas 2024 records exclusion as a couple.

Ordinance N-2/2023 restricts disclosure of identifying donor and recipient information, with statutory exceptions. Donor eggs and sperm require consent and screening; ask about the specific donor arrangement.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: The medical standard recommends against donor-oocyte/embryo procedures after age 51; this is a recommendation, not a universal statutory IVF ceiling.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Croatian law allows married or cohabiting heterosexual couples and qualifying single women after unsuccessful or futile infertility treatment. The single-woman provision excludes women in a same-sex union.

Article 15 allows donor-conceived adults to obtain identifying donor information at 18. Legal permission for donation does not guarantee that a clinic currently has donor material available.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: The Act permits a medically justified exception after the usual funded age threshold. Do not treat 42 as an absolute private-IVF ban.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

In the Republic of Cyprus, the law defines a couple as a man and a woman. Single women have a separate application process.

Section 33 protects donor and recipient identities and regulates donor screening. Availability and waiting times depend on the clinic and donor programme.

Foreign patients must meet the applicable eligibility and screening rules. Additional requirements apply to surrogacy. Confirm whether the clinic operates in the Republic of Cyprus or North Cyprus.

Clinic age policy: Medical assessment and clinic-specific limits apply within the statutory ceiling

Guide reviewed: October 2026. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Treatment is legally restricted to heterosexual couples (married or cohabiting).

Under Act No. 373/2011 Coll., donors remain completely anonymous to the recipient couple and resulting child. Recipients receive non-identifying health, physical, and blood profile characteristics only. Compensation covers proven travel and loss-of-income expenses.

Cross-border patients are fully welcome without Czech residency requirements.

Clinic age policy: Embryo transfer permitted up to the day before 49th birthday

Guide reviewed: October 2026. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Single women, female couples and heterosexual couples can receive fertility treatment; donor sperm is available.

Donor sperm may be anonymous, non-anonymous or from a known donor. Ask what identifying information a child may access under the selected arrangement.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: Private clinics may apply stricter medical criteria.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Estonian law permits adult women under 51 to receive treatment. Donor treatment is available irrespective of marital status; access to treatment and legal recognition of a partner require separate checks.

Since 2024, the Act distinguishes anonymous, non-partner and partner donation. Anonymous-donor information differs from a known non-partner arrangement; confirm the applicable route before selecting donor material.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: The Act’s treatment threshold is separate from funded care. Providers assess medical suitability and the proposed donation route.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Single women and female couples can receive donor treatment. The treating service assesses medical suitability and the child’s future care.

The Assisted Fertility Treatments Act regulates donated eggs, sperm and embryos. A donor-conceived person can request identifying donor information at 18; donor supply may limit access in practice.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: Public hospitals and private clinics apply their own treatment criteria; a hospital age limit is not a national statutory ceiling.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Heterosexual couples, female couples and single women can access assisted reproduction under the bioethics framework.

New donors consent to the future adult child accessing their identity and non-identifying information. Access relating to older donations follows separate consent and transitional rules.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: The carrying patient and the egg-retrieval procedure have different age ceilings.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Health Care Law article 141 expressly permits donor-sperm fertilisation for a single woman with written consent. Article 143 covers IVF with the couple’s or donor gametes and requires the couple’s consent; do not assume that these two pathways have identical eligibility.

Articles 141 and 143 permit donor sperm and donor gametes or embryos. A donor is not recognised as the resulting child’s parent. These provisions alone do not establish a lifetime donor-identity rule; obtain the programme’s disclosure terms.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

IVF and sperm donation are accessible, but surrogacy and ROPA face severe statutory barriers.

Under § 1 of the Embryo Protection Act (ESchG 1990), egg donation is a criminal offense in Germany. As a result, German patients requiring donor eggs routinely travel to Spain, the Czech Republic, or Greece. Sperm donation is legal and strictly non-anonymous under the Sperm Donor Register Act (SaRegG).

International patients can access private IVF and sperm donation, but cannot receive donor eggs in Germany.

Clinic age policy: Private clinics typically treat up to age 42–45 with own eggs

Guide reviewed: October 2026. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Accessible to heterosexual couples and single women (via notarial deed).

Law 4958/2022 allows donors to choose anonymity, named donation or disclosure of identity to the child on request after adulthood. The recipient selects the applicable donor arrangement; availability must be confirmed with the clinic.

Greece is a top cross-border medical destination with clear regulatory oversight from EAIYA.

Clinic age policy: Up to 50 without special permit; 50 to 54 requires National Authority medical certification

Guide reviewed: October 2026. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Married heterosexual couples, qualifying opposite-sex cohabiting partners and single women meeting statutory medical or age-related criteria can apply. Single-woman access is conditional.

Gamete donation is regulated. Directed egg donation can be permitted within the statutory relationship conditions; it should not be described as unrestricted known-donor treatment.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: Confirm the current rule for the proposed procedure, including any frozen-embryo treatment, with the authorised provider.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Single patients and female couples can access donor-sperm treatment under the assisted-fertilisation law, subject to consent and suitability requirements.

The donor may choose anonymity. For a non-anonymous donor, the child can request identity at 18. Donated embryos and surrogacy are prohibited under Act 55/1996.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: Act 55/1996 uses suitability criteria rather than a numeric national maximum; confirm the provider’s current cut-off.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Private treatment is available to single women and female couples, including donor treatment. HSE funding has narrower eligibility.

For most donor-assisted procedures covered by the Children and Family Relationships Act, children can request donor identity at 18. The rules applying from May 2020 include transitional exceptions.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: The HSE funding age limit is not a national private-IVF ceiling.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Ministry donor-sperm guidance includes women without a partner. Same-sex female parentage and the chosen method must be assessed separately. The domestic surrogacy service covers eligible Israeli-resident intended parents and has its own approval process.

Domestic sperm donation is anonymous to recipients. Approved imported sperm can be anonymous or identity-release at 18. Egg donation has separate recipient and matching rules; do not apply imported-sperm identity terms to all donated material.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: Ministry guidance distinguishes own-egg IVF from donor-oocyte treatment. The published donor-oocyte recipient service has residency and medical-indication requirements; these ages do not establish automatic foreign-patient eligibility.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Law 40 restricts treatment to living adult heterosexual couples who are married or cohabiting. The Constitutional Court upheld the exclusion of single women in 2025.

Donor egg and sperm treatment became permissible after the 2014 Constitutional Court ruling. Donor screening and national traceability requirements apply; ask the centre to explain the donor-information rules for your treatment.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: There is no single numeric age ceiling stated in the Ministry’s summary of Law 40; centres and regional funding programmes apply their own criteria.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Jersey’s government fertility and parenthood guidance must be read separately from UK law. The funded scheme discusses single patients and shared motherhood for female partners; financial, residence and other scheme conditions apply. November 2025 changes provide distinct local parenthood rules.

Jersey’s scheme does not fund the purchase of donor eggs or sperm, but says eligible patients may source and pay for donor material. Donor-information rights depend on the treating service and bank; a UK-regulated route does not make every Jersey treatment subject to the same donor arrangement.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: Jersey’s funded scheme offers age-dependent cycle entitlement and extra response testing at ages 40–42. Its funding conditions do not establish a universal private-treatment ceiling or replace the receiving clinic’s rules.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Family Code article 58 permits ART for an adult married or unmarried woman with satisfactory physical, mental and reproductive health confirmed by a medical organisation. The provision does not establish joint parentage for a female couple; surrogacy is governed by separate contract and marriage rules.

The 2020 donor rules permit anonymous and non-anonymous donation and require consent and medical-genetic screening. Egg, sperm and embryo programmes have specific conditions; confirm the arrangement and any import requirements with the clinic.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

The Official Gazette lists consolidated Reproductive Health Law 02/L-76. A separate parliamentary text on reproductive health and medically assisted conception is labelled a draft; it does not establish enacted single-woman or female-couple access. Confirm the current licensed treatment pathway.

Confirm the lawful egg and sperm donation route and its identity-disclosure conditions with the licensed service under the enacted framework. Do not use donor provisions in an unadopted draft as proof that a particular programme is permitted.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Section 13 allows a heterosexual couple or a woman to request treatment in writing. Single-woman access does not by itself establish couple access or joint parentage for two women.

Section 14 limits recipient information to genetic and anthropometric donor data and protects recipient information from the donor. Sections 17–22 regulate donation and donor parentage.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: The NVD funding threshold is separate from private treatment; ask the clinic for its age and medical criteria.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

April 2026 Health Insurance Fund guidance explains the Constitutional Court ruling on marriage and partnership restrictions and the pending reform. It states that the existing service-recipient group continues until the amending law is adopted. Confirm subsequent changes and the specific single-woman or female-couple route; do not treat the proposal as enacted access.

The Assisted Reproduction Law regulates the use of donor gametes and donated embryos. Verify the current permitted method, donor consent and identity-disclosure rules with the licensed service, particularly while the access framework is being amended.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Luxembourg’s clinical guidance describes donor-sperm insemination for single women and female couples. The actual hospital must assess the proposed IVF method and treatment indication; access to insemination does not establish every donor-IVF or parentage pathway.

The national clinical guidance describes donor-sperm treatment and coordination of donor-oocyte treatment abroad. Confirm whether egg-donor treatment is performed locally and whether the donor bank uses anonymous or identity-release material.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: CNS requires the patient to be under 43 at the last treatment measure for coverage. This is an insurance condition; the hospitals apply additional criteria.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

The EPA protocol includes single women and female same-sex couples. Eligibility is assessed with the treatment indication, recipient age and informed consent; this is not a general permission for surrogacy.

Donation is confidential between donor and licensed provider. EPA records retain donor identity; the child may access identifying information at 18, or earlier with EPA consent in exceptional life or health circumstances. Confidentiality to recipients is not lifetime donor anonymity.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: The EPA protocol sets a maximum implantation age of 48. Own-oocyte retrieval must take place before 46; stored-embryo and donor-oocyte pathways have separate criteria.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

The reproduced statutory text expressly permits IVF for an infertile couple or single woman with informed consent. Single-woman IVF using donor sperm has an anonymous-donor condition. Female-couple status and joint parentage are not established by that provision.

The 2023-amended law regulates anonymous donation and defined known-oocyte donation with approval conditions. Anonymous donor identity has limited exceptional health-related disclosure. For single-woman IVF, the text specifies anonymous donor sperm.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: Article 11 of the law text amended in 2023 distinguishes a 45-year own-oocyte limit from a 50-year donor-oocyte limit. Confirm the exact birthday and procedure date with the provider.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Montenegro’s 2021 ART law and related insurance law govern treatment. Confirm the current consent or approval route for a woman without a partner and whether the proposed couple or donor method is accepted; the funding announcement alone does not settle female-couple eligibility.

Government guidance distinguishes own-gamete from heterologous treatment under the 2021 framework. Availability of donor eggs and sperm, any import approvals and donor-identity disclosure terms must be confirmed with the authorised service.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: Government guidance on the 2021 laws distinguishes insurance-funded own-gamete and donor-gamete treatment. A funded ceiling is not proof of an absolute private-treatment limit; confirm the current programme.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Single women and female couples can access donor insemination; IVF requires an individual treatment indication and clinic assessment.

Donations covered by the donor-information law are registered. Children can request identifying donor information from 16 through the national donor-data system; earlier access to non-identifying information follows separate rules.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: The commonly used 43-year threshold relates to clinical practice and insured IVF; donor-egg assessment is separate.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

The Ministry lists the Biomedical Assisted Fertilisation Law and its amendments separately from surrogacy guidance. Obtain confirmation of the current provisions for a single woman or female couple; eligibility for ordinary donor treatment and for a gestational carrier are different questions.

The ART framework regulates donation, testing, processing, storage, distribution and use of reproductive cells. The permitted egg or sperm method, donor-information rights and availability must be confirmed against the consolidated law and applicable amendments.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Single women and female couples may receive donor-sperm treatment. Egg donation has additional requirements; single-woman access does not imply eligibility for every donor method.

Egg donation has been allowed since 2021. Embryo donation is prohibited. Simultaneous donor eggs and donor sperm are generally prohibited, with a narrow exception for egg donation within a female couple. Donor identity access depends on the donation cohort: 18 for older eligible sperm donations, and 15 under the newer rules, with access beginning in 2036.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: The statutory ceiling applies at insemination or embryo transfer; providers can use stricter criteria.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Treatment is available to married or cohabiting heterosexual couples. Single women and same-sex couples are excluded from the ordinary legal pathway.

Egg, sperm and embryo donation are regulated. Non-partner donation uses an anonymous framework; the public programme additionally requires psychological preparation for donor conception.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: Do not use the public programme’s 42/45-year thresholds as universal private-treatment law.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

All adult women may access treatment, including single women and female couples; a diagnosis of infertility is not required in every case.

Current donation rules provide access to donor identity at 18. Historical donations can be subject to transitional rules. Donor eggs, sperm and donated embryos are regulated by the CNPMA.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: The CNPMA age limit also applies to foreign patients.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Single women can access donor-assisted treatment. Civil Code Article 441 describes parents as a man and a woman or a single woman; treatment access does not establish joint parentage for female couples.

Civil Code Article 445 protects confidentiality in donor-assisted reproduction, with court-authorised disclosure possible for serious health risks. Confirm the donor bank’s identity-release terms; confidentiality alone does not establish an unconditional lifetime anonymity rule.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: The national programme’s 24–42 age range is a funding condition; it does not establish a universal private-IVF ceiling.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Federal Law 323-FZ article 55 permits ART for a woman and man whether married or unmarried, and for a single woman with informed consent. Surrogacy has separate marriage and Russian-citizenship conditions; ordinary ART eligibility must not be extended to a male-couple surrogacy claim.

Article 55 regulates donation of reproductive cells and access to non-identifying donor medical and physical information. The provider must explain the donor arrangement and consent documentation; this alone is not a blanket promise about all future identity disclosure.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Serbia regulates treatment and reproductive-cell banking through licensed services. The cited Ministry guidance confirms donor programmes but does not establish every current single-woman or female-couple eligibility condition. Confirm the treatment pathway and any public-programme criteria separately.

The Ministry guarantees anonymity for egg, sperm and embryo donors. A donor-conceived child may obtain medically relevant donor information from age 15 where it is necessary for health; this is not a general right to identifying details.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Slovak providers use a couple-based IVF pathway. GYNCARE requires a male partner to acknowledge paternity; the insurance age threshold is separate from private treatment.

GYNCARE describes egg donation as anonymous between donor and recipient. Ask the clinic what non-identifying information is available for the proposed donor arrangement.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: No national private-treatment age ceiling was established by the cited sources; obtain the clinic’s written cut-off.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

The 2025 ZZNPOB-A amendment expressly adds single women and female couples in a marriage or cohabiting union to the eligible groups. The couple relationship must exist at gamete or embryo transfer. Donor treatment remains subject to the statutory method and consent conditions.

The amended article 8 permits donor eggs or sperm in the specified indications and recipient groups. Written consent, legal counselling and professional confidentiality apply. Obtain the exact donor-identity access terms rather than assuming the rule used in another country.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: The amended article 6 requires adult patients of suitable age and psychosocial condition for parenting. It does not set one numerical age ceiling in that eligibility provision.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Inclusive access for heterosexual couples, single women, and lesbian couples (including ROPA).

Article 5 of Ley 14/2006 guarantees the absolute anonymity of gamete donors. Donor identity cannot be revealed to intended parents or the resulting child. Clinics match donors based on blood group, immunological safety, and physical phenotypic resemblance.

Spain is Europe’s primary destination for cross-border IVF patients with clear legal access.

Clinic age policy: Up to 50 years (SEF clinical consensus; rare cases up to 51 with ethics board review)

Guide reviewed: October 2026. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Single women, female couples and heterosexual couples can receive treatment. Donation requires medical and psychosocial assessment.

Swedish guidance allows egg, sperm and embryo donation, including double donation. A donor-conceived child has a right to identifying information when sufficiently mature; do not substitute a universal 18-year threshold.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: Regional public age limits are not a universal statutory maximum for private treatment.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Couple eligibility depends on the method. Donor sperm is restricted to married couples, including married female couples since July 2022. Single women cannot use the ordinary treatment pathway.

Egg and embryo donation remain prohibited. A proposed reform is not permission to offer these methods. Sperm donors are recorded; eligible donor-conceived adults can request identity through the federal system.

Foreign patients must meet the same treatment eligibility and consent requirements. Clinic acceptance and public-funding entitlement need separate confirmation.

Clinic age policy: The federal framework does not set one numeric age ceiling; providers assess health and ability to care for the child.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-11. Sources are linked in the country guide.

The assisted-reproduction regulation defines treatment for medically suitable married couples. It uses the wife’s eggs and husband’s sperm; the ordinary treatment route does not cover single women or same-sex couples.

The regulated treatment uses the spouses’ own gametes. Donor egg, donor sperm and donor embryo treatment are outside this permitted route; donor anonymity is therefore not a treatment option in this framework.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Ministry of Health Order 787 regulates assisted reproduction, consent and donor methods. The proposed method, relationship status and legal parentage must be confirmed under the current consolidated order; individual donor treatment and surrogacy have different conditions.

Order 787 provides for anonymous volunteer egg donors as well as relatives and patients donating oocytes with written consent. Donor selection, medical and genetic screening and consent are regulated; the chosen donor pathway must be documented.

International self-pay access is not established by the cited national guidance. Obtain written provider confirmation before arranging treatment.

Clinic age policy: This guide does not establish a numerical upper limit for every IVF method. Ask the authorised provider for its own-egg, donor-egg and embryo-transfer cut-offs.

Guide reviewed: 2026-10-12. Sources are linked in the country guide.

Equal statutory access regardless of relationship status or sexual orientation.

Since April 2005, anonymous gamete donation has been abolished in the UK. Donors are registered with the HFEA. When donor-conceived individuals reach 18, they have the legal right to apply to the HFEA to receive the donor’s full name, date of birth, and last known address.

International patients may seek treatment at private UK clinics without residency requirements.

Clinic age policy: Private clinics typically treat women up to 45–50 based on individual clinical assessment

Guide reviewed: October 2026. Sources are linked in the country guide.