Question 1

Is IVF legal in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

IVF is legal in Serbia, governed by the Law on Biomedically Assisted Fertilization (BAF) which was enacted on January 8, 2022.

This law replaced the previous legislation from 2009 and establishes a framework overseen by the Ministry of Health. The regulations allow access to IVF for heterosexual couples, both married and unmarried, as well as single women, but exclude single men and same-sex couples. The use of donor eggs and sperm is permitted, though not combined in the same cycle, and embryo donation is also legal.

Important aspects of the law include a prohibition on surrogacy, restrictions against sex selection for non-medical reasons, a limit of two embryos transferred per cycle, and no upper age limit for women using their own eggs. Both partners are required to undergo screening for specific infectious diseases before treatment begins.

Question 2

Can single women do IVF in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Yes, single women are eligible to undergo IVF treatment in Serbia, and this includes the option of using donor sperm.

Serbia permits IVF for both single, unmarried women and heterosexual couples. While older reports indicated restrictions on sperm donation, current information confirms that both donor eggs and donor sperm are allowed, though not in combination within the same treatment cycle. It’s important to note that Serbia currently lacks a legal framework for sperm banks and registered legal sperm donors.

The Serbian government provides public funding for IVF, covering a significant portion of the costs for eligible women up to the age of 45, and there is no upper age limit for treatment when using one’s own eggs.

Question 3

Is reciprocal IVF (ROPA) allowed in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal IVF (ROPA) is not permitted in Serbia for same-sex female couples due to the country’s legal framework regarding assisted reproductive technology (ART).

The regulations on assisted reproduction services in Serbia explicitly exclude same-sex couples from accessing ART, meaning ROPA, which involves both partners in a female same-sex couple participating in IVF, is not legally permissible. Fertility treatments are available to heterosexual couples, both married and unmarried, and to single, unmarried women, but not to single men or same-sex couples. Clinics in Serbia, such as Ferona IVF Hospital in Novi Sad, adhere to these legal restrictions and do not offer ROPA or other ART services to same-sex couples.

Furthermore, Serbia does not recognize same-sex relationships or marriage, and therefore would not automatically recognize both partners in a same-sex couple as legal parents even if a child were born through ART procedures performed in another country.

Question 4

Is sperm donation legal in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Sperm donation is legal in Serbia and is available for both heterosexual couples and single women.

Regulations governing sperm donation are in place, confirming its legality after previous uncertainties. The Ministry of Health has established rules regarding donation conditions, the import of gametes, and medically assisted reproduction procedures.

Eligible sperm donors in Serbia are psychophysically healthy individuals between 21 and 45 years old, with no family history of hereditary or psychiatric diseases. Donors undergo comprehensive medical, genetic, and psychological evaluations, including screening for specific genetic conditions, and are generally anonymous, though discussions regarding donor anonymity have occurred.

Question 5

What is the age limit for IVF in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

In Serbia, there isn't a strictly defined universal legal maximum age for women undergoing IVF using their own eggs, but a woman’s overall health and ability to carry a pregnancy to term are primary considerations.

For IVF treatment using a woman's own eggs, medical suitability is key, and clinics assess a patient's health and reproductive potential. However, for IVF utilizing donated eggs, women up to the age of 45 are eligible as of December 2022, and this treatment is available for women who cannot conceive naturally, are without a partner, or whose partners are unable to conceive. Public funding may have age cutoffs around 37, though recent changes suggest increased access and potentially raised age limits, with some treatments available to women up to age 45.

Question 6

Are egg donors anonymous in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Egg donation is not permitted in Serbia, so the question of donor anonymity does not arise.

Serbian law currently prohibits both egg and sperm donation, and recent legal changes regarding assisted reproductive technologies have focused on regulation without including provisions to allow gamete donation.

Question 7

Is egg donation legal in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Egg donation is legally permitted in Serbia and is accessible to heterosexual couples and single women.

IVF treatments, including those utilizing donor eggs, are regulated within the country, though there are specific restrictions in place. For example, the simultaneous use of both donor eggs and donor sperm within the same IVF cycle is not allowed. Egg donors in Serbia undergo thorough screening processes, including tests for genetic and infectious diseases, as well as psychophysical and psychological evaluations, to ensure the health and well-being of all parties involved.

Donors are compensated for expenses related to the donation process, such as medical costs, travel, and accommodation, typically ranging from 500 to 1000 EUR, but donations are considered voluntary and not for material benefit. The typical age range for egg donors is between 21 and 35 years old, though regulations allow for donors slightly older than 33 if there is a shortage of gametes.

Question 8

How does IVF work in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

In Serbia, IVF treatment involves multiple stages, beginning with ovarian suppression and stimulation to encourage egg production, followed by egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and finally, embryo transfer into the uterus.

The typical IVF process in Serbia begins with suppressing the natural menstrual cycle for about two weeks, then stimulating the ovaries with fertility hormones for approximately 12 days using protocols like the short, long, or Progestin-prime ovarian stimulation (PPOS) methods. Retrieved eggs are combined with sperm in a laboratory, and resulting embryos are cultured, with the option of Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT-A, PGT-M/SR). The process requires several visits to the clinic and hospital, and patients are screened for infectious diseases before treatment begins.

Serbia’s Law on Biomedically Assisted Fertilization regulates IVF access for heterosexual couples (married or unmarried) and single women, but not for single men or same-sex couples. The law also permits egg, sperm, and embryo donation, maintaining donor anonymity, though simultaneous egg and sperm donation in the same cycle is not allowed.

Question 9

How much does IVF cost in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

IVF in Serbia is generally more affordable than in many Western European countries and the United States, with costs varying depending on the clinic and procedures chosen.

A standard IVF cycle using one's own eggs typically ranges from €2,000 to €4,000, while a stimulated IVF cycle is often between €2,500 and €3,500, and can reach €2,560 to €5,036 with ICSI included. IVF with egg donation generally costs between €4,500 and €6,000, potentially rising to €5,000 to €6,900 with imported vitrified oocytes, sometimes with an embryo guarantee. Medication costs usually fall between €500 and €1,000, but can be higher depending on the stimulation protocol.

Additional procedures like ICSI typically add €800 to €1,200 to the cost, and Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) can range from approximately €415 to €600. Many clinics offer packages to bundle services, potentially providing cost savings and clearer pricing.

Question 10

Can gay couples do IVF in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Currently, IVF treatment is not available to same-sex male couples in Serbia due to explicit regulations prohibiting access to assisted reproductive technology for same-sex couples.

Although egg and sperm donation are permitted within Serbia, these services are also inaccessible to same-sex male couples. Regulations previously prevented individuals with a history of homosexual relations from donating reproductive cells, and surrogacy is illegal in the country for both commercial and altruistic arrangements.

As a result of these legal restrictions, same-sex male couples wishing to pursue parenthood through IVF or surrogacy must consider options in countries where these practices are legally permitted and recognized for same-sex couples, and may face challenges with legal parental recognition within Serbia.

Question 11

Is embryo donation legal in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Embryo donation is not permitted in Serbia, according to the Law on Biomedically Assisted Fertilization.

This law specifically prohibits the offering or donation of reproductive cells or embryos for any material or other benefit, and also forbids the trafficking of these materials or their use if obtained through trade. Because of these restrictions, there are no regulations concerning consent, anonymity, or recipient eligibility, as the practice is not legally allowed.

Although some sources suggest egg and sperm donation are legal with anonymity, and even that embryo donation is legal, these reports appear to conflict with the more definitive prohibition against offering or donating embryos for any benefit, indicating embryo donation is not legally permissible in Serbia.

Question 12

Is surrogacy legal in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Currently, surrogacy is prohibited in Serbia for both altruistic and commercial arrangements, and engaging in it is considered a criminal offense.

The Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction in Serbia prohibits all surrogacy arrangements, with penalties for participation including imprisonment for three to ten years; advertising or providing surrogacy services is also criminalized. Under Serbian law, the woman who gives birth is legally recognized as the mother, and egg donors have no maternal rights.

Proposed reforms, including a Preliminary Draft of the Civil Code, suggest potential legalization of surrogacy under specific conditions, such as when natural conception is impossible or there is a high risk of genetic disease transmission, and may allow moderate financial remuneration to cover expenses, but these reforms have not yet been adopted by the Serbian Assembly and currently lack comprehensive protections for surrogate mothers.

Question 13

When was the first IVF baby born in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

The first baby born in Serbia through in vitro fertilization (IVF) was born in 1987.

This landmark achievement took place at the “Narodni Front” gynecological clinic in Belgrade, with the child being named Milos. This birth represented a significant milestone for reproductive medicine in Serbia, occurring approximately ten years after the world’s first IVF baby was born in 1978.

Since 2006, Serbia has demonstrated a commitment to supporting couples facing infertility through its National Infertility Treatment Program, which provides financial assistance for IVF procedures.

Question 14

What is the IVF success rate in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

IVF success rates in Serbia are comparable to those found in many Western European countries, with rates varying based on the woman’s age and whether her own eggs or donor eggs are used.

For women using their own eggs, success rates in Serbia are approximately 40-45% for those under 35, 25-35% for those aged 35-39, and 10-15% for those over 40, which aligns with international trends showing a natural decline in success rates with increasing maternal age due to egg quality and quantity. Success rates are notably higher when using donor eggs, typically ranging from 55-60% per cycle, mirroring international rates where IVF with donor eggs often achieves success rates between 40% and 60% per embryo transfer.

It is important to understand that comprehensive data can be limited due to varying reporting practices among clinics and potential gaps in national registries capturing all private clinic cycles, making direct international comparisons complex.

Question 15

Can you choose gender with IVF in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Gender selection for non-medical reasons is not permitted with IVF in Serbia, but determining the sex of an embryo is possible through preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) when there is a medical need.

PGT is allowed in Serbia specifically to prevent the inheritance of sex-linked genetic disorders, allowing for the selection of embryos that are not carriers of the condition. This means that while gender selection for family balancing is prohibited, it is permitted when it’s medically necessary to avoid passing on a genetic disease.

Question 16

Can lesbians do IVF in Serbia?

Accepted Answer

Currently, lesbian couples are unable to access IVF or other forms of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Serbia due to the country’s laws.

Serbian law explicitly restricts ART access to same-sex couples, despite the legality of same-sex sexual activity and prohibitions against discrimination in certain areas. Same-sex marriages and civil partnerships are not legally recognized, meaning lesbian couples do not have the same legal protections as heterosexual couples and are ineligible for certain benefits. Access to donor sperm and eggs is limited, and double donation is not permitted, as Serbia lacks sperm banks and cryobanks for ova.

Furthermore, legal parentage is only established for the biological mother if a child is conceived through medical treatment abroad, and joint parenting rights are not legally recognized. Surrogacy is also prohibited in Serbia, adding to the challenges faced by lesbian couples seeking to build families.

Recipient age	Country	EU median
<34 years	Not published	45.7%
35–39 years	Not published	45.5%
40+ years	Not published	41.7%

Age group	Country	EU median
<34 years	Not published	38.8%
35–39 years	Not published	32.8%
40+ years	Not published	27.9%

Age group	Country	EU median
<34 years	31.4%	25.6%
35–39 years	26.1%	20.2%
40+ years	9.5%	10.1%

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IVF age limits and treatment requirements in Serbia

IVF success rates in Serbia

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